Key areas of ethical concern mapped in the ethics documents

Use of data and technology

Some of the reviewed publications emphasized that XR technologies are unique in relation to possibilities of privacy breaches concerning users’ data. This is due to constant data capture without consent and the potential for data decoding and identification of user and location. Additionally, the misuse of data for surveillance or manipulative purposes, raises ethical questions about user autonomy and security.

Another major challenge with the use of XR technologies is how individuals navigate between real and virtual lives. Extended engagement in virtual environments can blur the boundaries between physical and digital identities, raising concerns about psychological detachment, dissociation, and challenges in re-entry into the physical world. Issues of embodiment—how users perceive and interact with their virtual representations—can affect self-perception, agency, and even lead to unintended psychological effects. Additionally, the dual-use nature of XR technologies raises ethical dilemmas, as tools designed for education, training, or therapy can also be repurposed for manipulation, exploitation, or even military applications. A key consideration is the use of nudges and controlled social interactions, where systems influence user behaviors and decisions.

Human Rights issues

Human rights in XR experiences are significant, particularly concerning respect for persons, dignity, and societal inclusion. One major concern is the discrimination and exclusion of marginalized groups, including racial and ethnic minorities, the elderly, and individuals with disabilities, who may face limited access, representation, or equitable participation in virtual environments. The digital divide exacerbates inequalities, as economically disadvantaged individuals may lack the resources to afford

various XR output devices, further marginalizing them. Additionally, lack of inclusive avatar representation can alienate users who do not see themselves reflected in virtual spaces, affecting their sense of belonging. Vulnerable populations, such as children, persons with disabilities, and individuals with mental health conditions, could face heightened risks, including exploitation, psychological distress, and manipulation within these immersive environments. Concerns about ownership of digital identities and virtual assets also emerged.

Societal, Economic, and Environmental issues

Ethical issues regarding XR technologies on society, the environment, and the economy are as follows. In society, the rise of criminal and anti-social behaviors such as fraud, identity theft, harassment, and cyberbullying poses risks to user safety and well-being, particularly in immersive environments where real-world accountability is not clearly established or understood. The question of ownership in virtual spaces is also unclear if there should be a dispute over digital property or virtual assets. From an environmental perspective, the energy-intensive nature of XR hardware raises concerns about sustainability and potential impact on future generations. The economic landscape of XR presents both opportunities and risks, particularly in the monetization of virtual experiences, digital economies, and the commodification of user interactions.